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西安雙相不銹鋼

日期:2024-07-12 14:48
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摘要:<span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">西安雙相不銹鋼(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Duplex Stainless Steel</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">DSS</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">),指鐵素體與奧氏體各約占</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">50%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,一般較少相的含量*少也需要達到</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">30%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的不銹鋼。在含</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">C</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">較低的情況下,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Cr</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">含量在</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">18%~28%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Ni</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">含量在</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">3%~10%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。有些鋼還含有</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Mo</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">、</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Cu</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">、</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Nb</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">、</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Ti</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">、</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">N</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">等合金元素。雙相不銹鋼從</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">20</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">世紀</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">40</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年代在美國誕生以來(lái),已經(jīng)發(fā)展到第三代。它的主要特點(diǎn)是屈服強度可達</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">400-550MPa</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,是普通不銹鋼的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">倍,因此可以節約用材,降低設備制造成本。西安雙相不銹鋼在抗腐蝕方面,特別是介質(zhì)環(huán)境比較惡劣(如海水,氯離子含量較高)的條件下,雙相不銹鋼的抗點(diǎn)蝕、縫隙腐蝕、應力腐蝕及腐蝕疲勞性能明顯優(yōu)于普通的奧氏體不銹鋼,可以與高合金奧氏體不銹鋼媲美。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">性能特點(diǎn)</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">由于兩相組織的特點(diǎn),通過(guò)正確控制化學(xué)成分和熱處理工藝,使雙相不銹鋼兼有鐵素體不銹鋼和奧氏體不銹鋼的優(yōu)點(diǎn),它將奧氏體不銹鋼所具有的優(yōu)良韌性和焊接性與鐵素體不銹鋼所具有的較高強度和耐</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">氯化物應力腐蝕性能結合在一起,正是這些優(yōu)越的性能使雙相不銹鋼作為可焊接的結構材料發(fā)展迅速,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">80</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">年代以來(lái)已成為和馬氏體型、奧氏體型和鐵素體型不銹鋼并列的一個(gè)鋼類(lèi)。西安雙相不銹鋼有以下性能特點(diǎn):</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">1</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)含鉬雙相不銹鋼在低應力下有良好的耐氯化物應力腐蝕性能。一般</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">18-8</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型奧氏體不銹鋼在</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">60°C</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">以上中性氯化物溶液中容易發(fā)生應力腐蝕斷裂,在微量氯化物及硫化氫工業(yè)介質(zhì)中用這類(lèi)不銹鋼制造的熱交換器、蒸發(fā)器等設備都存在著(zhù)產(chǎn)生應力腐蝕斷裂的傾向,而雙相不銹鋼卻有良好的抵抗能力。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)含鉬雙相不銹鋼有良好的耐孔蝕性能。在具有相同的孔蝕抗力當量值(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">PRE=Cr%+3.3Mo%+16N%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)時(shí),雙相不銹鋼與奧氏體不銹鋼的臨界孔蝕電位相仿。雙相不銹鋼與奧氏體不銹鋼耐孔蝕性能與</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">AISI 316L</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相當。含</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">25%Cr</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的,尤其是含氮的高鉻雙相不銹鋼的耐孔蝕和縫隙腐蝕性能超過(guò)了</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">AISI 316L</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">3</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)具有良好的耐腐蝕疲勞和磨損腐蝕性能。在某些腐蝕介質(zhì)的條件下,適用于制作泵、閥等動(dòng)力設備。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">4</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)綜合力學(xué)性能好。有較高的強度和疲勞強度,屈服強度是</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">18-8</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型奧氏體不銹鋼的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">倍。固溶態(tài)的延伸率達到</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">25%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,韌性值</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">AK</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">V</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型槽口)在</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">100J</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">以上。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">5</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)可焊性良好,熱裂傾向小,一般焊前不需預熱,焊后不需熱處理,可與</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">18-8</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型奧氏體不銹鋼或碳鋼等異種焊接。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">6</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)含低鉻(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">18%Cr</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)的雙相不銹鋼熱加工溫度范圍比</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">18-8</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型奧氏體不銹鋼寬,抗力小,可不經(jīng)過(guò)鍛造,直接軋制開(kāi)坯生產(chǎn)鋼板。含高鉻(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">25%Cr</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)的雙相不銹鋼熱加工比奧氏體不銹鋼略顯困難,可以生產(chǎn)板、管和絲等產(chǎn)品。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">7</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)冷加工時(shí)比</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">18-8</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型奧氏體不銹鋼加工硬化效應大,在管、板承受變形初期,需施加較大應力才能變形。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">8</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)與奧氏體不銹鋼相比,導熱系數大,線(xiàn)膨脹系數小,適合用作設備的襯里和生產(chǎn)復合板。也適合制作熱交換器的管芯,換熱效率比奧氏體不銹鋼高。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">9</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)仍有高鉻鐵素體不銹鋼的各種脆性?xún)A向,不宜用在高于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">300°C</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的工作條件。雙相不銹鋼中含鉻量愈低,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">σ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">等脆性相的危害性也愈小。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <a name="para5"></a><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">用途</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">用于煉油、化肥、造紙、石油、化工等耐海水耐高溫濃硝酸等熱交換器和冷淋器及器件。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">4</span></span><a name="para6"></a><a name="6"></a><span style="mso-bookmark:para6;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">分類(lèi)介紹</span></span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <a name="para7"></a><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">雙相不銹鋼</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">類(lèi)屬低合金型,代表牌號</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">UNS S32304</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">23Cr-4Ni-0.1N</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">),鋼中不含鉬,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">PREN</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">值為</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">24-25</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,在耐應力腐蝕方面可代替</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">AISI304</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">或</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">316</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">使用。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">**類(lèi)屬中合金型,代表牌號是</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">UNS S31803</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">22Cr-5Ni-3Mo-0.15N</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">,PREN</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">值為</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">32-33</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,其耐蝕性能介于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">AISI 316L</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">和</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">6%Mo+N</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">奧氏體不銹鋼之間。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">第三類(lèi)屬高合金型,一般含</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">25%Cr</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,還含有鉬和氮,有的還含有銅和鎢,標準牌號</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">UNSS32550</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">25Cr-6Ni-3Mo-2Cu-0.2N</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">),</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">PREN</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">值為</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">38-39</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,這類(lèi)鋼的耐蝕性能高于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">22%Cr</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的雙相不銹鋼。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">第四類(lèi)屬超級雙相不銹鋼型,含高鉬和氮,標準牌號</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">UNS&nbsp;S32750</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">25Cr-7Ni-3.7Mo-0.3N</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">,</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">有的也含鎢和銅</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">,PREN</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">值大于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">40,</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">可適用于苛刻的介質(zhì)條件</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">,</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">具有良好的耐蝕與力學(xué)綜合性</span></span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">能,可與超級奧氏體不銹鋼相媲美。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <a name="para8"></a><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">不銹鋼</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">不銹鋼鋼種很多,性能各異,它在發(fā)展過(guò)程中逐步形成了幾大類(lèi)。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">按組織結構分,分為馬氏不銹鋼(包括沉淀硬化不銹鋼)、鐵素體不銹鋼、奧氏體不銹鋼和奧氏體加鐵素體雙相不銹鋼等四大類(lèi);</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">按鋼中的主要化學(xué)成分或鋼中的一些特征元素來(lái)分類(lèi),分為鉻不銹鋼、鉻鎳不銹鋼、鉻鎳鉬不銹鋼以及低碳不銹鋼、高鉬不銹鋼、高純不銹鋼等;</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">按鋼的性能特點(diǎn)和用途分類(lèi),分為耐硝酸不銹鋼、耐硫酸不銹鋼、耐點(diǎn)蝕不銹鋼、耐應力腐蝕不銹鋼、高強不銹鋼等;</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">按鋼的功能特點(diǎn)分類(lèi),分為低溫不銹鋼、無(wú)磁不銹鋼、易切削不銹鋼、超塑性不銹鋼等。常用的分類(lèi)方法是按鋼的組織結構特點(diǎn)和鋼的化學(xué)成分特點(diǎn)以及兩者相結合的方法分類(lèi)。一般分為馬氏體不銹鋼、鐵素體不銹鋼、奧氏體不銹鋼、雙相不銹鋼和沉淀硬化型不銹鋼等,或分為鉻不銹鋼和鎳不銹鋼兩大類(lèi)。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">5</span></span><a name="para9"></a><a name="9"></a><span style="mso-bookmark:para9;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">西安雙相不銹鋼焊接特性</span></span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">雙相不銹鋼具有良好的焊接性能,與鐵素體不銹鋼及奧氏體不銹鋼相比,它既不像鐵素體不銹鋼的焊接熱影響區,由于晶粒嚴重粗化而使塑韌性大幅降低,也不像奧氏體不銹鋼那樣,對焊接熱裂紋比較敏感。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">雙相不銹鋼由于其特殊的優(yōu)點(diǎn),廣泛應用于石油化工設備、海水與廢水處理設備、輸油輸氣管線(xiàn)、造紙機械等工業(yè)領(lǐng)域,近些年來(lái)也被研究用于橋梁承重結構領(lǐng)域,具有很好的發(fā)展前景。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">節約型雙相鋼</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">"</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">經(jīng)常會(huì )出現的焊接性能問(wèn)題。而焊接標準雙相鋼并不是一個(gè)問(wèn)題,而且不論采用何種工藝,都有適合這些應用的焊材。從金相的角度來(lái)看,焊接</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2101</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">1.4162</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)根本就沒(méi)有問(wèn)題,實(shí)際上它甚至要比標準級的雙相鋼更加容易焊接,因為這種材料事實(shí)上可以采用乙炔焊工藝來(lái)進(jìn)行焊接,而對于標準雙相鋼材料而言,始終必須避免使用這種工藝。焊接</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2101</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">所面臨的實(shí)際問(wèn)題是熔池的粘度不同,因此可濕性差了一點(diǎn)。這迫使操作人員在焊接的過(guò)程中更加多地使用電弧焊,而這正是問(wèn)題的所在。盡管可以通過(guò)選擇超合金化焊材加以彌補,但是我們經(jīng)常希望選擇匹配的焊材。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">在</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2101</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">中,也存在低溫熱影響區和高溫熱影響區中的顯微結構之間的熱影響區相互作用,比</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2304</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">、</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2205</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">或</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2507</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">更加有利。在以</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2101</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">進(jìn)行試驗時(shí),也已經(jīng)發(fā)現由于鎳含量較低,因此產(chǎn)生了含有較多氮與錳的不同類(lèi)型的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">"</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">回火色</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">"</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,而這影響了腐蝕性能。在電弧和熔池中發(fā)生的這一成分損失是由于氮與錳的蒸發(fā)與熔敷,這對于雙相鋼等級的材料來(lái)說(shuō)是一個(gè)新問(wèn)題,因此在這次講課中將作了較多描述。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <a name="para10"></a><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">焊接特點(diǎn)</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">雙相不銹鋼其焊接特點(diǎn)如下:</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">雙相不銹鋼在正常固溶處理</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">(1020</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃~</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">1100</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃加熱并水冷</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">后</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">,</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">鋼中含有大約</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">50%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">~</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">60%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">奧氏體和</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">50%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">~</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">40%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">鐵素體組織。隨著(zhù)加熱溫度的提高,兩相比例變化并不明顯。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">雙相不銹鋼具有良好的低溫沖擊韌性,如</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">20mm</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">厚的板材橫向試樣在</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">-80</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃時(shí)沖擊吸收功可達</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">100J</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">以上。在大多數介質(zhì)中其耐均勻腐蝕性能和耐點(diǎn)腐蝕性能均較好,但要注意,該類(lèi)鋼在低于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">950</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃熱處理時(shí),由于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">σ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相的析出,其耐應力腐蝕性能將顯著(zhù)變壞。由于該鋼</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Cr</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">當量與</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Ni</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">當量比值適當,在高溫加熱后仍保留有較大量的一次奧氏體組織</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">,</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">又可使二次奧氏體在冷卻過(guò)程中生成</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">,</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">結果鋼中奧氏體相總量不低于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">30%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">~</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">40%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">因而使鋼具有良好的耐晶間腐蝕性能。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">另外,如前所述,在焊接這種鋼時(shí)裂紋傾向很低,不須預熱和焊后熱處理。由于母材中含有較高的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">N</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,焊接近縫區不會(huì )形成單相鐵素體區,奧氏體含量一般不低于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">30%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。適用的焊接方法有鎢極氬弧焊和焊條電弧焊等,一般為了防止近縫區晶粒粗化,施焊時(shí),應盡量使用低的線(xiàn)能量焊接。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <a name="para11"></a><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">影響因素</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">影響雙相不銹鋼焊接質(zhì)量的因素主要體現在以下幾方面:</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">含</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">N</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">量影響</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Gómez de Salazar JM</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">等人研究了保護氣體中</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> N2</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的不同含量對雙相不銹鋼性能的影響。結果表明,隨著(zhù)混合氣體中</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> N2</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分壓</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> PN2</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的增加,焊縫中氮的質(zhì)量分數</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">ω(N)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">開(kāi)始迅速增加,然后變化很小,焊縫中的鐵素體相含量</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">φ(α)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">隨</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">ω(N)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">增加呈線(xiàn)性下降,但</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">φ(α)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">對抗拉強度和伸長(cháng)率的影響與</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">ω(N)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的影響剛好相反。同樣的鐵素體相含量</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">φ(α)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,母材的抗拉強度和伸長(cháng)率均高于焊縫。這是由于顯微組織的不同所造成的。雙相不銹鋼焊縫金屬中含</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> N </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">量提高后可以改善接頭的沖擊韌性,這是由于增加了焊縫金屬中的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">γ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相含量,以及減少了</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Cr2N </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的析出。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">熱輸入影響</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">與焊縫區不同,焊接時(shí)熱影響區的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">ω(N)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">是不會(huì )發(fā)生變化的,它就是母材的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">ω(N)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,所以此時(shí)影響組織和性能的主要因素是焊接時(shí)的熱輸入。根據文獻</span></span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,焊接時(shí)應選擇合適的線(xiàn)能量。焊接時(shí)如果熱輸入太大,焊縫熱影響區范圍增大,金相組織也趨于晶粒粗大、紊亂,造成脆化,主要表現為焊接接頭的塑性指標下降。如焊接熱輸入太小,造成淬硬組織并易產(chǎn)生裂紋,對</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">HAZ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的沖擊韌性同樣不利。此外,凡影響冷卻速度的因素都會(huì )影響到</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> HAZ </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的沖擊韌性,如板厚、接頭形式等。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">σ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相脆化</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">國外文獻介紹了再熱引起的雙相不銹鋼及其焊縫金屬的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">σ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相脆化問(wèn)題。母材和焊縫金屬的再熱過(guò)程中,先由</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">α</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相形成細小的二次奧氏體</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">γ*</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,然后析出</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">σ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相。結果表明,脆性開(kāi)裂都發(fā)生于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">σ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相以及基體與</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">σ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相的界面處,對母材斷口觀(guān)察表明,在</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">σ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相周?chē)鷧^域內都為韌窩,由于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">α</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相區寬,大量生成的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">σ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相才會(huì )使韌性降低,然而在焊縫中</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">α</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相區是細小的,斷口仍表現為脆性斷裂,只要少量的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">σ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相生成就足以引起焊縫金屬韌性的降低,因此,焊縫金屬中的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">σ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相脆化傾向比母材要大得多。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">氫致裂紋</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">雙相不銹鋼焊接接頭的氫脆通常發(fā)生于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">α</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相,且氫脆的敏感性隨焊接時(shí)峰值溫度的升高而增加。其微觀(guān)組織的變化為:峰值溫度增加,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">γ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相含量減少,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">α</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相含量增加,同時(shí)由</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">α</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相邊界和內部析出的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Cr2N </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">量增加,故極易發(fā)生氫脆。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">應力腐蝕開(kāi)裂</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">母材和焊縫金屬中的裂紋都起始于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">α/γ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">界面的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">α</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相一側,并在</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">α</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相內擴展。奧氏體(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">γ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)由于其固有的低氫脆敏感性,因此,可起到阻擋裂紋擴展的作用。由于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">DSS </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">中含有一定量的奧氏體,所以其應力腐蝕開(kāi)裂傾向性較小。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">點(diǎn)蝕問(wèn)題</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">耐點(diǎn)蝕是雙相不銹鋼的一個(gè)重要特性,與其化學(xué)成分和微觀(guān)組織有著(zhù)密切關(guān)系。點(diǎn)蝕一般產(chǎn)生于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">α/γ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">界面,因此被認為是產(chǎn)生于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">γ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相和</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">α</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相之間的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">γ*</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相。這意味著(zhù)</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">γ*</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相中的含</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Cr</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">量低于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">γ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相。</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">γ*</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相與</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">γ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相的成分不同,是由于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">γ* </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相中</span></span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Cr </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">和</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Mo</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">含量低于初始</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">γ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相中的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Cr</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">、</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Mo</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">含量。進(jìn)一步研究表明,含</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">N</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">量較低的鋼,其點(diǎn)蝕電位對冷卻速度較為敏感。因此,在焊接含</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> N </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">量較低的雙相不銹鋼時(shí),對冷卻速度的控制要求更加嚴格。在雙相不銹鋼焊接過(guò)程中,合理控制焊接線(xiàn)能量是獲得高質(zhì)量雙相不銹鋼接頭的關(guān)鍵。線(xiàn)能量過(guò)小,焊縫金屬及熱影響區的冷卻速度過(guò)快,奧氏體來(lái)不及析出,從而使組織中的鐵素體相含量增多;如線(xiàn)能量過(guò)大,盡管組織中能形成足量的奧氏體,但也會(huì )引起熱影響區內的鐵素體晶粒長(cháng)大以及</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">σ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">相等有害相的析出。一般情況下,焊條電弧焊(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Shieded Metal Arc Welding</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">SMAW</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)、鎢極氬弧焊(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Gas Tungsten Arc Welding</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">GTAW</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)、藥芯焊絲電弧焊(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Flux-Cored WireArc Welding</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">FCAW</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)和等離子弧焊(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Plasma Arc Welding</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">PAW</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)等焊接方法均可用于雙相不銹鋼的焊接,且在焊前一般不需要采取預熱措施,焊后也不需進(jìn)行熱處理。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <a name="para12"></a><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">西安雙相不銹鋼工藝提升</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">1 </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">合金元素和冷卻速度</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">實(shí)驗和理論計算表明:臨界區加熱后獲得雙相組織所需的臨界冷卻速率與鋼中錳含量具有一定關(guān)系。其根鋼中存在的合金元素,就可估算獲得雙相組織所需要的臨界冷卻速率,為熱處理雙相鋼生產(chǎn)時(shí),選擇適當的冷卻方法提供依據。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">當鋼的化學(xué)成分一定時(shí),應在保證獲得雙相組織的前提下,盡可能采用較低的冷卻速度,使鐵素體中的碳有充分的時(shí)間擴散到奧氏體中,從而降低雙相鋼的屈服強度,提高雙相鋼的延性。如果鋼中合金元素含量較</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">4</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,臨界冷卻速度過(guò)高,冷卻后鐵素體中含有較高的固溶碳,不利于獲得優(yōu)良性能的雙相鋼,這時(shí)應改變鋼的化學(xué)成分,增加鋼中的合金元素含量,從而降低臨界冷卻速度,或者在雙相鋼的生產(chǎn)工藝中,加入補充回火工序,降低鐵素體中的固溶碳,改善雙相鋼的性能。如果鋼中含有強的碳化物形成元素,當估算臨界冷卻速率時(shí),應考慮到這些元素對臨界區加熱時(shí)所形的奧氏體淬透性和有利影響,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">V</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">和</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Ti</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的碳化物粒子可以通過(guò)相界面的釘扎作用提高奧氏體的淬透性,降低臨界冷卻速度</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">.</span></span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">兩階段冷卻工藝</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">當鋼中合金元素含量較低時(shí),冷卻速度較慢會(huì )得到鐵素體加珠光體組織;冷卻速度較快時(shí),則鐵素體中保留固溶碳較高,不利于降低屈服強度和提高延性。采用兩階段冷卻可以改善雙相鋼的性能,即從臨界區加熱溫度緩冷到某一溫度,然后快冷。緩冷可以使鐵素體中的碳向未轉變的奧氏體富聚。而快冷則可以避免未轉變的奧氏體等溫分解,保證獲得所需的雙相組織和性能。例如</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">0.08%C-1.4%Mn</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">鋼,從</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">800</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">;</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">加熱到水冷的力學(xué)性能為:</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">σ0.2=365PMa</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">σb=700MPa</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">σ0.2/σb=0.52</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">eu=18%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">et=21%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。如采用兩階段冷卻工藝,即在</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">800</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">;</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">加熱后,空冷到</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">600</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">;</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,然后水冷,其性能為:</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">σ0.2=280MPa</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">σb=600MPa</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">σ0.2/σb=0.47</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">eu=21%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">et=29%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。兩階段冷卻使雙相鋼的屈服強度降低,延性提高。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">3.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">雙相鋼板熱軋后盤(pán)卷溫度的影響</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">對于一個(gè)給定成分的鋼,臨界區加熱時(shí)奧氏體的淬透性可以通過(guò)鋼板熱軋后高溫卷來(lái)修正。高溫盤(pán)卷可使碳、錳等合金元素在**組(珠光體或貝氏體)中明顯富集。有利提高隨后臨界區處理時(shí)雙相鋼的綜合性能。以</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">0.049%C-1.99%Mn-0.028%Al-0.0019%N</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">鋼的試驗結果為例,采用兩種工藝過(guò)程:一種為普通扎制工藝,終軋溫度</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">900</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">;→</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">油冷到</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">600</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">;</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">盤(pán)卷</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">→</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">吹風(fēng)冷到室溫</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">→</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">冷軋</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">70%→</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">連續退火。兩種盤(pán)卷工藝的碳和錳分布的分析結果可見(jiàn)高溫盤(pán)卷可使碳和錳在**相中明顯富集,而普通的軋制工藝錳基本無(wú)富集趨勢。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">用高溫盤(pán)卷以修正合金含量較低的鋼在隨后臨界區處理時(shí)的淬透性,并降低熱處理雙相鋼的屈服強度,提高其延性的技術(shù),已在有關(guān)工廠(chǎng)用于熱處理雙相鋼的生產(chǎn),所得到的熱處理雙相鋼板綜合性能良好,板材各部位的性能均勻,縱向、橫向性能一致。例如對</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">0.09%C-0.44Si-1.54%Mn-0.023%Al</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">鋼。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <a name="para13"></a><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">限制要求</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">1.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">需要對相比例進(jìn)行控制,*合適的比例是鐵素體相和奧氏體相約各占一半,其中某一相的數量*多不能超過(guò)</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">65%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,這樣才能保證有*佳的綜合性能。如果兩相比例失調,例如鐵素體相數量過(guò)多,很容易在焊接</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">HAZ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">形成單相鐵素體,在某些介質(zhì)中對應力腐蝕破裂敏感。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">需要掌握雙相不銹鋼的組織轉變規律,熟悉每一個(gè)鋼種的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">TTT</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">和</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">CCT</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">轉變曲線(xiàn),這是正確指導制定雙相不銹鋼熱處理,熱成型等工藝的關(guān)鍵,雙相不銹鋼脆性相的析出要比奧氏體不銹鋼敏感的多。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">3.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">雙相不銹鋼的連續使用溫度范圍為</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">-50</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">~</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">250</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃,下限取決于鋼的脆性轉變溫度,上限受到</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">475</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃脆性的限制,上限溫度不能超過(guò)</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">300</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">4.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">雙相不銹鋼固溶處理后需要快冷,緩慢冷卻會(huì )引起脆性相的析出,從而導致鋼的韌性,特別是耐局部腐蝕性能的下降。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">5.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">高鉻鉬雙相不銹鋼的熱加工與熱成型的下限溫度不能低于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">950</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃,超級雙相不銹鋼不能低于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">980</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃低鉻鉬雙相不銹鋼不能低于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">900</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃,避免因脆性相的析出在加工過(guò)程造成表面裂紋</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">6.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">不能使用奧氏體不銹鋼常用的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">650-800</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃的消除應力處理,一般采用固溶退火處理。對于在低合金鋼的表面堆焊雙相不銹鋼后,需要進(jìn)行</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">600-650</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃整體消應處理時(shí),必須考慮到因脆性相的析出所帶來(lái)的韌性和耐腐蝕性,尤其是耐局部腐蝕性能的下降問(wèn)題,盡可能縮短在這一溫度范圍內的加熱時(shí)間。低合金鋼和雙相不銹鋼復合板的熱處理問(wèn)題也要同此考慮。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">7.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">需要熟悉了解雙相不銹鋼的焊接規律,不能全部套用奧氏體不銹鋼的焊接,雙相不銹鋼的設備能否**使用與正確掌握鋼的焊接工藝有很大關(guān)系,一些設備的失效往往與焊接有關(guān)。關(guān)鍵在于線(xiàn)能量和層間溫度的控制,正確選擇焊接材料也很重要。焊接接頭(焊縫金屬和焊接</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">HAZ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)的兩相比例,尤其是焊接</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">HAZ</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">維持必要的奧氏體數量,這對保證焊接接頭具有與母材同等的性能很重要。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">8.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">在不同的腐蝕環(huán)境中選用雙相不銹鋼時(shí),要注意鋼的耐腐蝕性總是相對的,盡管雙相不銹鋼有較好的耐局部腐蝕性能,就某一個(gè)雙相不銹鋼而言,他也是有一個(gè)適用的介質(zhì)條件范圍,包括溫度、壓力、介質(zhì)濃度、</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">pH</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">值等,需要慎重加以選擇。從文獻和手冊中獲取的數據很多是實(shí)驗室的腐蝕試驗結果,往往與工程的實(shí)際條件有差距,因此在選材時(shí)需要注意,必要時(shí)需要進(jìn)行在實(shí)際介質(zhì)中的腐蝕試驗或是現場(chǎng)條件下的掛片試驗,甚至模擬裝置的試驗。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">6</span></span><a name="para14"></a><a name="14"></a><span style="mso-bookmark:para14;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">焊材選用要求</span></span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <a name="para15"></a><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">焊材要求</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">焊材包括:①填充金屬;②保護氣體和背面保護氣體。分述如下。在焊態(tài)下使用的焊接結構,其焊縫金屬與母材相比應是合金元素鎳含量較高的。這是為了保證合適的鐵素體和奧氏體的相比例。這一純焊縫金屬在焊態(tài)下,必須有這樣的成分,即能在結晶后直接均勻地形成以?shī)W氏體為主(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">30%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">~</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">70%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)的并含有鐵素體的雙相組織。當焊件可在</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">1050</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">~</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">1100</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃溫度下退火時(shí),應該選擇與母材成分(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Ni=55%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">~</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">70%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)相當的焊縫金屬。在這種焊接工藝中,焊后占主要的鐵素體基體轉變形成了平衡的鐵素體</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">/</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">奧氏體組織。焊接雙相不銹鋼和超級雙相不銹鋼的焊材均是配套設計的(詳見(jiàn)表</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">1</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">和表</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)。手工焊用的涂藥焊條既可以用鈦型藥皮焊條,也可以用堿**皮焊條。堿**皮的焊條對全位置的焊接更適宜一些,而鐵型悍條工藝性?xún)?yōu)良,在幾乎所有的實(shí)際應用中都可獲得滿(mǎn)意的效果。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">采用填充焊絲和其他焊接方法(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">GTAW</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">、</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">GMAW</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">、</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">SAW</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)熔敷的焊縫金屬與焊絲有類(lèi)似的化學(xué)成分。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">保護氣體適用于各種氣體保護焊方法(見(jiàn)表</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">3</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">表</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">1</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">雙相不銹鋼的配套焊接材料</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">背面保護氣體用于單面焊的焊管內部氣體保護,即可以用于工業(yè)純氬氣,也可以用于高純度氬氣(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">99.99%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)。在所有情況下,氣體都應該干燥(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">PrEN439:</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">除</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">CO2</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">外,所有氣體*大不超過(guò)</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">40ppm</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">露點(diǎn)*高</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">-50</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">CO2</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">中的水分*大不超過(guò)</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">200ppm</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,露點(diǎn)*高為</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">-35</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃),因該采取各種措施避免水分侵入保護氣體中。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">保護氣體和背面保護氣體對焊縫金屬的含氮量有影響。由于保護氣體中的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">N2</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分壓低,可能從焊縫熔池中擴散出</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">N2</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,從而使焊縫金屬氮量降低,*大可減少</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">0.05%N2</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。存在這種危險時(shí),在保護氣體和背面保護氣體中必須加入</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">5%N2</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,以防止焊縫金屬</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">N2</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">損失。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <a name="para16"></a><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">焊材選用</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">雙相不銹鋼用的焊材,其特點(diǎn)是焊縫組織為奧氏體占優(yōu)的雙相組織,主要耐蝕元素</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">(</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">鉻、鉬等</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">含量與母材相當,從而保證與母材相當的耐蝕性。為了保證焊縫中奧氏體的含量,通常是提高鎳和氮的含量,也就是提高約</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2% ~ 4%</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">的鎳當量。在雙相不銹鋼母材中,一般都有一定量的氮含量,在焊材中也希望有一定的含氮量,但一般不宜太高,否則會(huì )產(chǎn)生氣孔。這樣鎳含量較高就成了焊材與母材的一個(gè)主要區別。  根據耐腐蝕性、接頭韌性的要求不同來(lái)選擇與母材化學(xué)成分相匹配的焊條,如焊接</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Cr22</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型雙相不銹鋼,可選用</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Cr22Ni9Mo3</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型焊條,如</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">E2209</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">焊條。采用酸性焊條時(shí)脫渣優(yōu)良,焊縫成形美觀(guān),但沖擊韌性較低,當要求焊縫金屬具有較高的沖擊韌性,并需進(jìn)行全位置焊接時(shí),應采用堿性焊條。當根部封底焊時(shí),通常采用堿性焊條。當對焊縫金屬的耐腐蝕性能具有特殊要求時(shí),還應采用超級雙相鋼成分的堿性焊條。  對于實(shí)心氣體保護焊焊絲,在保證焊縫金屬具有良好耐腐蝕性與力學(xué)性能的同時(shí),還應注意其焊接工藝性能,對于藥芯焊絲,當要求焊縫成形美觀(guān)時(shí),可采用金紅石型或鈦鈣型藥芯焊絲,當要求較高的沖擊韌度或在較大的拘束度條件下焊接時(shí),宜采用堿度較高的藥芯焊絲。  對于埋弧焊宜采用直徑較小的焊絲,實(shí)現中小焊接規范下的多層多道焊,以防止焊接熱影響區及焊縫金屬的脆化,并采用配套的堿性焊劑。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">7</span></span><a name="para17"></a><a name="17"></a><span style="mso-bookmark:para17;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">國家標準</span></span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <a name="para18"></a><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">西安雙相不銹鋼牌號</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">我國新標準</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">GB/T 20878-2007</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">《不銹鋼和耐熱鋼牌號及化學(xué)成分》中加入了許多雙相不銹鋼牌號。如:</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">14Cr18Ni11Si4AlTi</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">、</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> 022Cr19Ni5Mo3Si2N</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">、</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">12Cr21Ni5Ti</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。更多的牌號見(jiàn)標準。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">另外:有名的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2205</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">雙相鋼相當于我國的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">022Cr23Ni5Mo3N.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">*后,一些網(wǎng)頁(yè)甚至論文將雙相不銹鋼寫(xiě)作雙向不銹鋼是錯誤的。雙相是指金相組織的有兩種,而非方向的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">“</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">向</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">”</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <a name="para19"></a><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">西安雙相不銹鋼化學(xué)成分</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <table style="border:currentColor;border-image:none;border-collapse:collapse;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-padding-alt:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt 11.25pt;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="132" style="padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border:1pt solid #E2E5F3;border-image:none;width:99pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">鋼號</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="48" style="border-width:1pt 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:solid solid solid none;border-color:#E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:36pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">C≤</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:1pt 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:solid solid solid none;border-color:#E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">Mn≤</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:1pt 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:solid solid solid none;border-color:#E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">Si≤</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="48" style="border-width:1pt 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:solid solid solid none;border-color:#E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:36pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">S≤</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="48" style="border-width:1pt 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:solid solid solid none;border-color:#E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:36pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">P≤</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:1pt 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:solid solid solid none;border-color:#E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">Cr≤</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:1pt 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:solid solid solid none;border-color:#E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">Ni</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:1pt 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:solid solid solid none;border-color:#E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">Mo</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="48" style="border-width:1pt 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:solid solid solid none;border-color:#E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:36pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">Cu≤</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:1pt 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:solid solid solid none;border-color:#E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">N</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> </tr> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:1;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="132" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt;border-style:none solid solid;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:99pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">S32750</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">SAF2507</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">00Cr25Ni7Mo4N</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="48" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:36pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">0.03</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">1.20</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">0.8</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="48" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:36pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">0.020</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="48" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:36pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">0.035</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">24.0/26.0</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">6.0/8.0</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">3.0/5.0</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="48" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:36pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">0.50</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">0.24/0.32</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> </tr> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:2;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="132" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt;border-style:none solid solid;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:99pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">S31803(SAF2205)</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">00Cr22Ni5Mo3N</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="48" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:36pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">0.03</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">2.00</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">1.0</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="48" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:36pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">0.020</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="48" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:36pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">0.030</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">21.0/23.0</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">4.50/6.50</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">2.50/3.50</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;"> </span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">0.08/0.20</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> </tr> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:3;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="132" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt;border-style:none solid solid;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:99pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">S31500(3RE60)</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">00Cr18Ni5Mo3Siz</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="48" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:36pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">0.03</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">1.2/2.00</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">1.4/2.00</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="48" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:36pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">0.030</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="48" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:36pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">0.030</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">18.0/19.0</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">4.25/5.25</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">2.50/3.00</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;"> </span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="72" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:54pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">0.05/0.10</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> </tr> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> </tbody> </table> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <a name="para20"></a><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">機械性能</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <table style="border:currentColor;border-image:none;border-collapse:collapse;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-padding-alt:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt 11.25pt;" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="177" style="padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border:1pt solid #E2E5F3;border-image:none;width:132.9pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;" rowspan="2"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">鋼號</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="87" style="border-width:1pt 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:solid solid solid none;border-color:#E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:65.45pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;" rowspan="2"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">σb(Mpa)≥</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="86" style="border-width:1pt 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:solid solid solid none;border-color:#E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:64.25pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;" rowspan="2"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">σs(Mpa)≥</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="65" style="border-width:1pt 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:solid solid solid none;border-color:#E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:48.95pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;" rowspan="2"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">δ(%)≥</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="168" style="border-width:1pt 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:solid solid solid none;border-color:#E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:126.25pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;" colspan="2"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">硬度</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> </tr> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:1;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="82" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:61.15pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">布氏</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">(HB)</span></span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="87" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:65.1pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">洛氏</span><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';">(HRC)</span></span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> </tr> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:2;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="177" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt;border-style:none solid solid;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:132.9pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">S32750</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">(</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">SAF2507</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">)</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">00Cr25Ni7Mo4N</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="87" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:65.45pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">800</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="86" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:64.25pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">550</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="65" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:48.95pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">15</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="82" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:61.15pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">310</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="87" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:65.1pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">32</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> </tr> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:3;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="177" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt;border-style:none solid solid;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:132.9pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">S3180.(SAF2507)</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">00Cr22Ni5Mo3N</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="87" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:65.45pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">620</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="86" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:64.25pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">450</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="65" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:48.95pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">25</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="82" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:61.15pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">290</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="87" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:65.1pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">30.5</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> </tr> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow:4;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="177" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt;border-style:none solid solid;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;border-image:none;width:132.9pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">S31500(3RE60)</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">00Cr18Ni5Mo3Siz</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="87" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:65.45pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">630</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="86" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:64.25pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">440</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="65" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:48.95pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">30</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="82" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:61.15pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">290</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> <td width="87" style="border-width:0px 1pt 1pt 0px;border-style:none solid solid none;border-color:#000000 #E2E5F3 #E2E5F3 #000000;padding:6.75pt 11.25pt 5.25pt;width:65.1pt;background-color:transparent;mso-border-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;mso-border-top-alt:solid #E2E5F3 .75pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">30.5</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> </td> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> </tr> <span style="font-family:宋體;"> </span> </tbody> </table> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">西安雙相不銹鋼由于具有奧氏體</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">+</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">鐵素體雙相組織,且兩個(gè)相組織的含量基本相當,故兼有奧氏體不銹鋼和鐵素體不銹鋼的特點(diǎn)。屈服強度可達</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">400Mpa ~ 550MPa</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,是普通奧氏體不銹鋼的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">倍。與鐵素體不銹鋼相比,雙相不銹鋼的韌性高,脆性轉變溫度低,耐晶間腐蝕性能和焊接性能均顯著(zhù)提高;同時(shí)又保留了鐵素體不銹鋼的一些特點(diǎn),如</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">475</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃脆性、熱導率高、線(xiàn)膨脹系數小,具有超塑性及磁性等。與奧氏體不銹鋼相比,雙相不銹鋼的強度高,特別是屈服強度顯著(zhù)提高,且耐孔蝕性、耐應力腐蝕、耐腐蝕疲勞等性能也有明顯的改善。  雙相不銹鋼按其化學(xué)成分分類(lèi),可分為</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Cr18</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型、</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Cr23(</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">不含</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Mo)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型、</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Cr22</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型和</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Cr25</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型四類(lèi)。對于</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Cr25</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型雙相不銹鋼又可分為普通型和超級雙相不銹鋼,其中應用較多的是</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Cr22</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型和</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">Cr25</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型。我國采用的雙相不銹鋼以瑞典產(chǎn)居多,具體牌號有:</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">3RE60(Cr18</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">SAF2304 (Cr23</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">SAF2205 (Cr22</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">SAF2507(Cr25</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">型</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span>

西安雙相不銹鋼(Duplex Stainless Steel,簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)DSS),指鐵素體與奧氏體各約占50%,一般較少相的含量*少也需要達到30%的不銹鋼。在含C較低的情況下,Cr含量在18%~28%Ni含量在3%~10%。有些鋼還含有MoCuNbTiN等合金元素。雙相不銹鋼從20世紀40年代在美國誕生以來(lái),已經(jīng)發(fā)展到第三代。它的主要特點(diǎn)是屈服強度可達400-550MPa,是普通不銹鋼的2倍,因此可以節約用材,降低設備制造成本。西安雙相不銹鋼在抗腐蝕方面,特別是介質(zhì)環(huán)境比較惡劣(如海水,氯離子含量較高)的條件下,雙相不銹鋼的抗點(diǎn)蝕、縫隙腐蝕、應力腐蝕及腐蝕疲勞性能明顯優(yōu)于普通的奧氏體不銹鋼,可以與高合金奧氏體不銹鋼媲美。

性能特點(diǎn)

由于兩相組織的特點(diǎn),通過(guò)正確控制化學(xué)成分和熱處理工藝,使雙相不銹鋼兼有鐵素體不銹鋼和奧氏體不銹鋼的優(yōu)點(diǎn),它將奧氏體不銹鋼所具有的優(yōu)良韌性和焊接性與鐵素體不銹鋼所具有的較高強度和耐

氯化物應力腐蝕性能結合在一起,正是這些優(yōu)越的性能使雙相不銹鋼作為可焊接的結構材料發(fā)展迅速,80年代以來(lái)已成為和馬氏體型、奧氏體型和鐵素體型不銹鋼并列的一個(gè)鋼類(lèi)。西安雙相不銹鋼有以下性能特點(diǎn):

1)含鉬雙相不銹鋼在低應力下有良好的耐氯化物應力腐蝕性能。一般18-8型奧氏體不銹鋼在60°C以上中性氯化物溶液中容易發(fā)生應力腐蝕斷裂,在微量氯化物及硫化氫工業(yè)介質(zhì)中用這類(lèi)不銹鋼制造的熱交換器、蒸發(fā)器等設備都存在著(zhù)產(chǎn)生應力腐蝕斷裂的傾向,而雙相不銹鋼卻有良好的抵抗能力。

2)含鉬雙相不銹鋼有良好的耐孔蝕性能。在具有相同的孔蝕抗力當量值(PRE=Cr%+3.3Mo%+16N%)時(shí),雙相不銹鋼與奧氏體不銹鋼的臨界孔蝕電位相仿。雙相不銹鋼與奧氏體不銹鋼耐孔蝕性能與AISI 316L相當。含25%Cr的,尤其是含氮的高鉻雙相不銹鋼的耐孔蝕和縫隙腐蝕性能超過(guò)了AISI 316L

3)具有良好的耐腐蝕疲勞和磨損腐蝕性能。在某些腐蝕介質(zhì)的條件下,適用于制作泵、閥等動(dòng)力設備。

4)綜合力學(xué)性能好。有較高的強度和疲勞強度,屈服強度是18-8型奧氏體不銹鋼的2倍。固溶態(tài)的延伸率達到25%,韌性值AKV型槽口)在100J以上。

5)可焊性良好,熱裂傾向小,一般焊前不需預熱,焊后不需熱處理,可與18-8型奧氏體不銹鋼或碳鋼等異種焊接。

6)含低鉻(18%Cr)的雙相不銹鋼熱加工溫度范圍比18-8型奧氏體不銹鋼寬,抗力小,可不經(jīng)過(guò)鍛造,直接軋制開(kāi)坯生產(chǎn)鋼板。含高鉻(25%Cr)的雙相不銹鋼熱加工比奧氏體不銹鋼略顯困難,可以生產(chǎn)板、管和絲等產(chǎn)品。

7)冷加工時(shí)比18-8型奧氏體不銹鋼加工硬化效應大,在管、板承受變形初期,需施加較大應力才能變形。

8)與奧氏體不銹鋼相比,導熱系數大,線(xiàn)膨脹系數小,適合用作設備的襯里和生產(chǎn)復合板。也適合制作熱交換器的管芯,換熱效率比奧氏體不銹鋼高。

9)仍有高鉻鐵素體不銹鋼的各種脆性?xún)A向,不宜用在高于300°C的工作條件。雙相不銹鋼中含鉻量愈低,σ等脆性相的危害性也愈小。

用途

用于煉油、化肥、造紙、石油、化工等耐海水耐高溫濃硝酸等熱交換器和冷淋器及器件。

4分類(lèi)介紹

雙相不銹鋼

類(lèi)屬低合金型,代表牌號UNS S3230423Cr-4Ni-0.1N),鋼中不含鉬,PREN值為24-25,在耐應力腐蝕方面可代替AISI304316使用。

**類(lèi)屬中合金型,代表牌號是UNS S3180322Cr-5Ni-3Mo-0.15N,PREN值為32-33,其耐蝕性能介于AISI 316L6%Mo+N奧氏體不銹鋼之間。

第三類(lèi)屬高合金型,一般含25%Cr,還含有鉬和氮,有的還含有銅和鎢,標準牌號UNSS3255025Cr-6Ni-3Mo-2Cu-0.2N),PREN值為38-39,這類(lèi)鋼的耐蝕性能高于22%Cr的雙相不銹鋼。

第四類(lèi)屬超級雙相不銹鋼型,含高鉬和氮,標準牌號UNS S3275025Cr-7Ni-3.7Mo-0.3N,有的也含鎢和銅,PREN值大于40,可適用于苛刻的介質(zhì)條件,具有良好的耐蝕與力學(xué)綜合性 能,可與超級奧氏體不銹鋼相媲美。

不銹鋼

不銹鋼鋼種很多,性能各異,它在發(fā)展過(guò)程中逐步形成了幾大類(lèi)。

按組織結構分,分為馬氏不銹鋼(包括沉淀硬化不銹鋼)、鐵素體不銹鋼、奧氏體不銹鋼和奧氏體加鐵素體雙相不銹鋼等四大類(lèi);

按鋼中的主要化學(xué)成分或鋼中的一些特征元素來(lái)分類(lèi),分為鉻不銹鋼、鉻鎳不銹鋼、鉻鎳鉬不銹鋼以及低碳不銹鋼、高鉬不銹鋼、高純不銹鋼等;

按鋼的性能特點(diǎn)和用途分類(lèi),分為耐硝酸不銹鋼、耐硫酸不銹鋼、耐點(diǎn)蝕不銹鋼、耐應力腐蝕不銹鋼、高強不銹鋼等;

按鋼的功能特點(diǎn)分類(lèi),分為低溫不銹鋼、無(wú)磁不銹鋼、易切削不銹鋼、超塑性不銹鋼等。常用的分類(lèi)方法是按鋼的組織結構特點(diǎn)和鋼的化學(xué)成分特點(diǎn)以及兩者相結合的方法分類(lèi)。一般分為馬氏體不銹鋼、鐵素體不銹鋼、奧氏體不銹鋼、雙相不銹鋼和沉淀硬化型不銹鋼等,或分為鉻不銹鋼和鎳不銹鋼兩大類(lèi)。

5西安雙相不銹鋼焊接特性

雙相不銹鋼具有良好的焊接性能,與鐵素體不銹鋼及奧氏體不銹鋼相比,它既不像鐵素體不銹鋼的焊接熱影響區,由于晶粒嚴重粗化而使塑韌性大幅降低,也不像奧氏體不銹鋼那樣,對焊接熱裂紋比較敏感。

雙相不銹鋼由于其特殊的優(yōu)點(diǎn),廣泛應用于石油化工設備、海水與廢水處理設備、輸油輸氣管線(xiàn)、造紙機械等工業(yè)領(lǐng)域,近些年來(lái)也被研究用于橋梁承重結構領(lǐng)域,具有很好的發(fā)展前景。

節約型雙相鋼"經(jīng)常會(huì )出現的焊接性能問(wèn)題。而焊接標準雙相鋼并不是一個(gè)問(wèn)題,而且不論采用何種工藝,都有適合這些應用的焊材。從金相的角度來(lái)看,焊接21011.4162)根本就沒(méi)有問(wèn)題,實(shí)際上它甚至要比標準級的雙相鋼更加容易焊接,因為這種材料事實(shí)上可以采用乙炔焊工藝來(lái)進(jìn)行焊接,而對于標準雙相鋼材料而言,始終必須避免使用這種工藝。焊接2101所面臨的實(shí)際問(wèn)題是熔池的粘度不同,因此可濕性差了一點(diǎn)。這迫使操作人員在焊接的過(guò)程中更加多地使用電弧焊,而這正是問(wèn)題的所在。盡管可以通過(guò)選擇超合金化焊材加以彌補,但是我們經(jīng)常希望選擇匹配的焊材。

2101中,也存在低溫熱影響區和高溫熱影響區中的顯微結構之間的熱影響區相互作用,比230422052507更加有利。在以2101進(jìn)行試驗時(shí),也已經(jīng)發(fā)現由于鎳含量較低,因此產(chǎn)生了含有較多氮與錳的不同類(lèi)型的"回火色",而這影響了腐蝕性能。在電弧和熔池中發(fā)生的這一成分損失是由于氮與錳的蒸發(fā)與熔敷,這對于雙相鋼等級的材料來(lái)說(shuō)是一個(gè)新問(wèn)題,因此在這次講課中將作了較多描述。

焊接特點(diǎn)

雙相不銹鋼其焊接特點(diǎn)如下:

雙相不銹鋼在正常固溶處理(1020℃~1100℃加熱并水冷),鋼中含有大約50%60%奧氏體和50%40%鐵素體組織。隨著(zhù)加熱溫度的提高,兩相比例變化并不明顯。

雙相不銹鋼具有良好的低溫沖擊韌性,如20mm厚的板材橫向試樣在-80℃時(shí)沖擊吸收功可達100J以上。在大多數介質(zhì)中其耐均勻腐蝕性能和耐點(diǎn)腐蝕性能均較好,但要注意,該類(lèi)鋼在低于950℃熱處理時(shí),由于σ相的析出,其耐應力腐蝕性能將顯著(zhù)變壞。由于該鋼Cr當量與Ni當量比值適當,在高溫加熱后仍保留有較大量的一次奧氏體組織,又可使二次奧氏體在冷卻過(guò)程中生成,結果鋼中奧氏體相總量不低于30%40%因而使鋼具有良好的耐晶間腐蝕性能。

另外,如前所述,在焊接這種鋼時(shí)裂紋傾向很低,不須預熱和焊后熱處理。由于母材中含有較高的N,焊接近縫區不會(huì )形成單相鐵素體區,奧氏體含量一般不低于30%。適用的焊接方法有鎢極氬弧焊和焊條電弧焊等,一般為了防止近縫區晶粒粗化,施焊時(shí),應盡量使用低的線(xiàn)能量焊接。

影響因素

影響雙相不銹鋼焊接質(zhì)量的因素主要體現在以下幾方面:

N量影響

Gómez de Salazar JM等人研究了保護氣體中 N2的不同含量對雙相不銹鋼性能的影響。結果表明,隨著(zhù)混合氣體中 N2分壓 PN2的增加,焊縫中氮的質(zhì)量分數ω(N)開(kāi)始迅速增加,然后變化很小,焊縫中的鐵素體相含量φ(α)ω(N)增加呈線(xiàn)性下降,但φ(α)對抗拉強度和伸長(cháng)率的影響與ω(N)的影響剛好相反。同樣的鐵素體相含量φ(α),母材的抗拉強度和伸長(cháng)率均高于焊縫。這是由于顯微組織的不同所造成的。雙相不銹鋼焊縫金屬中含 N 量提高后可以改善接頭的沖擊韌性,這是由于增加了焊縫金屬中的γ相含量,以及減少了Cr2N 的析出。

熱輸入影響

與焊縫區不同,焊接時(shí)熱影響區的ω(N)是不會(huì )發(fā)生變化的,它就是母材的ω(N),所以此時(shí)影響組織和性能的主要因素是焊接時(shí)的熱輸入。根據文獻 ,焊接時(shí)應選擇合適的線(xiàn)能量。焊接時(shí)如果熱輸入太大,焊縫熱影響區范圍增大,金相組織也趨于晶粒粗大、紊亂,造成脆化,主要表現為焊接接頭的塑性指標下降。如焊接熱輸入太小,造成淬硬組織并易產(chǎn)生裂紋,對HAZ的沖擊韌性同樣不利。此外,凡影響冷卻速度的因素都會(huì )影響到 HAZ 的沖擊韌性,如板厚、接頭形式等。

σ相脆化

國外文獻介紹了再熱引起的雙相不銹鋼及其焊縫金屬的σ相脆化問(wèn)題。母材和焊縫金屬的再熱過(guò)程中,先由α相形成細小的二次奧氏體γ*,然后析出σ相。結果表明,脆性開(kāi)裂都發(fā)生于σ相以及基體與σ相的界面處,對母材斷口觀(guān)察表明,在σ相周?chē)鷧^域內都為韌窩,由于α相區寬,大量生成的σ相才會(huì )使韌性降低,然而在焊縫中α相區是細小的,斷口仍表現為脆性斷裂,只要少量的σ相生成就足以引起焊縫金屬韌性的降低,因此,焊縫金屬中的σ相脆化傾向比母材要大得多。

氫致裂紋

雙相不銹鋼焊接接頭的氫脆通常發(fā)生于α相,且氫脆的敏感性隨焊接時(shí)峰值溫度的升高而增加。其微觀(guān)組織的變化為:峰值溫度增加,γ相含量減少,α相含量增加,同時(shí)由α相邊界和內部析出的Cr2N 量增加,故極易發(fā)生氫脆。

應力腐蝕開(kāi)裂

母材和焊縫金屬中的裂紋都起始于α/γ界面的α相一側,并在α相內擴展。奧氏體(γ)由于其固有的低氫脆敏感性,因此,可起到阻擋裂紋擴展的作用。由于DSS 中含有一定量的奧氏體,所以其應力腐蝕開(kāi)裂傾向性較小。

點(diǎn)蝕問(wèn)題

耐點(diǎn)蝕是雙相不銹鋼的一個(gè)重要特性,與其化學(xué)成分和微觀(guān)組織有著(zhù)密切關(guān)系。點(diǎn)蝕一般產(chǎn)生于α/γ界面,因此被認為是產(chǎn)生于γ相和α相之間的γ*相。這意味著(zhù)γ*相中的含Cr量低于γ相。γ*相與γ相的成分不同,是由于γ* 相中 Cr Mo含量低于初始γ相中的CrMo含量。進(jìn)一步研究表明,含N量較低的鋼,其點(diǎn)蝕電位對冷卻速度較為敏感。因此,在焊接含 N 量較低的雙相不銹鋼時(shí),對冷卻速度的控制要求更加嚴格。在雙相不銹鋼焊接過(guò)程中,合理控制焊接線(xiàn)能量是獲得高質(zhì)量雙相不銹鋼接頭的關(guān)鍵。線(xiàn)能量過(guò)小,焊縫金屬及熱影響區的冷卻速度過(guò)快,奧氏體來(lái)不及析出,從而使組織中的鐵素體相含量增多;如線(xiàn)能量過(guò)大,盡管組織中能形成足量的奧氏體,但也會(huì )引起熱影響區內的鐵素體晶粒長(cháng)大以及σ相等有害相的析出。一般情況下,焊條電弧焊(Shieded Metal Arc WeldingSMAW)、鎢極氬弧焊(Gas Tungsten Arc WeldingGTAW)、藥芯焊絲電弧焊(Flux-Cored WireArc WeldingFCAW)和等離子弧焊(Plasma Arc WeldingPAW)等焊接方法均可用于雙相不銹鋼的焊接,且在焊前一般不需要采取預熱措施,焊后也不需進(jìn)行熱處理。

西安雙相不銹鋼工藝提升

1 合金元素和冷卻速度

實(shí)驗和理論計算表明:臨界區加熱后獲得雙相組織所需的臨界冷卻速率與鋼中錳含量具有一定關(guān)系。其根鋼中存在的合金元素,就可估算獲得雙相組織所需要的臨界冷卻速率,為熱處理雙相鋼生產(chǎn)時(shí),選擇適當的冷卻方法提供依據。

當鋼的化學(xué)成分一定時(shí),應在保證獲得雙相組織的前提下,盡可能采用較低的冷卻速度,使鐵素體中的碳有充分的時(shí)間擴散到奧氏體中,從而降低雙相鋼的屈服強度,提高雙相鋼的延性。如果鋼中合金元素含量較4,臨界冷卻速度過(guò)高,冷卻后鐵素體中含有較高的固溶碳,不利于獲得優(yōu)良性能的雙相鋼,這時(shí)應改變鋼的化學(xué)成分,增加鋼中的合金元素含量,從而降低臨界冷卻速度,或者在雙相鋼的生產(chǎn)工藝中,加入補充回火工序,降低鐵素體中的固溶碳,改善雙相鋼的性能。如果鋼中含有強的碳化物形成元素,當估算臨界冷卻速率時(shí),應考慮到這些元素對臨界區加熱時(shí)所形的奧氏體淬透性和有利影響,VTi的碳化物粒子可以通過(guò)相界面的釘扎作用提高奧氏體的淬透性,降低臨界冷卻速度.

2.兩階段冷卻工藝

當鋼中合金元素含量較低時(shí),冷卻速度較慢會(huì )得到鐵素體加珠光體組織;冷卻速度較快時(shí),則鐵素體中保留固溶碳較高,不利于降低屈服強度和提高延性。采用兩階段冷卻可以改善雙相鋼的性能,即從臨界區加熱溫度緩冷到某一溫度,然后快冷。緩冷可以使鐵素體中的碳向未轉變的奧氏體富聚。而快冷則可以避免未轉變的奧氏體等溫分解,保證獲得所需的雙相組織和性能。例如0.08%C-1.4%Mn鋼,從800;加熱到水冷的力學(xué)性能為:σ0.2=365PMaσb=700MPaσ0.2/σb=0.52eu=18%et=21%。如采用兩階段冷卻工藝,即在800;加熱后,空冷到600;,然后水冷,其性能為:σ0.2=280MPaσb=600MPaσ0.2/σb=0.47eu=21%et=29%。兩階段冷卻使雙相鋼的屈服強度降低,延性提高。

3.雙相鋼板熱軋后盤(pán)卷溫度的影響

對于一個(gè)給定成分的鋼,臨界區加熱時(shí)奧氏體的淬透性可以通過(guò)鋼板熱軋后高溫卷來(lái)修正。高溫盤(pán)卷可使碳、錳等合金元素在**組(珠光體或貝氏體)中明顯富集。有利提高隨后臨界區處理時(shí)雙相鋼的綜合性能。以0.049%C-1.99%Mn-0.028%Al-0.0019%N鋼的試驗結果為例,采用兩種工藝過(guò)程:一種為普通扎制工藝,終軋溫度900;→油冷到600;盤(pán)卷吹風(fēng)冷到室溫冷軋70%→連續退火。兩種盤(pán)卷工藝的碳和錳分布的分析結果可見(jiàn)高溫盤(pán)卷可使碳和錳在**相中明顯富集,而普通的軋制工藝錳基本無(wú)富集趨勢。

用高溫盤(pán)卷以修正合金含量較低的鋼在隨后臨界區處理時(shí)的淬透性,并降低熱處理雙相鋼的屈服強度,提高其延性的技術(shù),已在有關(guān)工廠(chǎng)用于熱處理雙相鋼的生產(chǎn),所得到的熱處理雙相鋼板綜合性能良好,板材各部位的性能均勻,縱向、橫向性能一致。例如對0.09%C-0.44Si-1.54%Mn-0.023%Al鋼。

限制要求

1.需要對相比例進(jìn)行控制,*合適的比例是鐵素體相和奧氏體相約各占一半,其中某一相的數量*多不能超過(guò)65%,這樣才能保證有*佳的綜合性能。如果兩相比例失調,例如鐵素體相數量過(guò)多,很容易在焊接HAZ形成單相鐵素體,在某些介質(zhì)中對應力腐蝕破裂敏感。

2.需要掌握雙相不銹鋼的組織轉變規律,熟悉每一個(gè)鋼種的TTTCCT轉變曲線(xiàn),這是正確指導制定雙相不銹鋼熱處理,熱成型等工藝的關(guān)鍵,雙相不銹鋼脆性相的析出要比奧氏體不銹鋼敏感的多。

3.雙相不銹鋼的連續使用溫度范圍為-50250℃,下限取決于鋼的脆性轉變溫度,上限受到475℃脆性的限制,上限溫度不能超過(guò)300℃。

4.雙相不銹鋼固溶處理后需要快冷,緩慢冷卻會(huì )引起脆性相的析出,從而導致鋼的韌性,特別是耐局部腐蝕性能的下降。

5.高鉻鉬雙相不銹鋼的熱加工與熱成型的下限溫度不能低于950℃,超級雙相不銹鋼不能低于980℃低鉻鉬雙相不銹鋼不能低于900℃,避免因脆性相的析出在加工過(guò)程造成表面裂紋

6.不能使用奧氏體不銹鋼常用的650-800℃的消除應力處理,一般采用固溶退火處理。對于在低合金鋼的表面堆焊雙相不銹鋼后,需要進(jìn)行600-650℃整體消應處理時(shí),必須考慮到因脆性相的析出所帶來(lái)的韌性和耐腐蝕性,尤其是耐局部腐蝕性能的下降問(wèn)題,盡可能縮短在這一溫度范圍內的加熱時(shí)間。低合金鋼和雙相不銹鋼復合板的熱處理問(wèn)題也要同此考慮。

7.需要熟悉了解雙相不銹鋼的焊接規律,不能全部套用奧氏體不銹鋼的焊接,雙相不銹鋼的設備能否**使用與正確掌握鋼的焊接工藝有很大關(guān)系,一些設備的失效往往與焊接有關(guān)。關(guān)鍵在于線(xiàn)能量和層間溫度的控制,正確選擇焊接材料也很重要。焊接接頭(焊縫金屬和焊接HAZ)的兩相比例,尤其是焊接HAZ維持必要的奧氏體數量,這對保證焊接接頭具有與母材同等的性能很重要。

8.在不同的腐蝕環(huán)境中選用雙相不銹鋼時(shí),要注意鋼的耐腐蝕性總是相對的,盡管雙相不銹鋼有較好的耐局部腐蝕性能,就某一個(gè)雙相不銹鋼而言,他也是有一個(gè)適用的介質(zhì)條件范圍,包括溫度、壓力、介質(zhì)濃度、pH值等,需要慎重加以選擇。從文獻和手冊中獲取的數據很多是實(shí)驗室的腐蝕試驗結果,往往與工程的實(shí)際條件有差距,因此在選材時(shí)需要注意,必要時(shí)需要進(jìn)行在實(shí)際介質(zhì)中的腐蝕試驗或是現場(chǎng)條件下的掛片試驗,甚至模擬裝置的試驗。

6焊材選用要求

焊材要求

焊材包括:①填充金屬;②保護氣體和背面保護氣體。分述如下。在焊態(tài)下使用的焊接結構,其焊縫金屬與母材相比應是合金元素鎳含量較高的。這是為了保證合適的鐵素體和奧氏體的相比例。這一純焊縫金屬在焊態(tài)下,必須有這樣的成分,即能在結晶后直接均勻地形成以?shī)W氏體為主(30%70%)的并含有鐵素體的雙相組織。當焊件可在10501100℃溫度下退火時(shí),應該選擇與母材成分(Ni=55%70%)相當的焊縫金屬。在這種焊接工藝中,焊后占主要的鐵素體基體轉變形成了平衡的鐵素體/奧氏體組織。焊接雙相不銹鋼和超級雙相不銹鋼的焊材均是配套設計的(詳見(jiàn)表1和表2)。手工焊用的涂藥焊條既可以用鈦型藥皮焊條,也可以用堿**皮焊條。堿**皮的焊條對全位置的焊接更適宜一些,而鐵型悍條工藝性?xún)?yōu)良,在幾乎所有的實(shí)際應用中都可獲得滿(mǎn)意的效果。

采用填充焊絲和其他焊接方法(GTAWGMAWSAW)熔敷的焊縫金屬與焊絲有類(lèi)似的化學(xué)成分。

保護氣體適用于各種氣體保護焊方法(見(jiàn)表3)。

1雙相不銹鋼的配套焊接材料

背面保護氣體用于單面焊的焊管內部氣體保護,即可以用于工業(yè)純氬氣,也可以用于高純度氬氣(99.99%)。在所有情況下,氣體都應該干燥(PrEN439:CO2外,所有氣體*大不超過(guò)40ppm露點(diǎn)*高-50℃,CO2中的水分*大不超過(guò)200ppm,露點(diǎn)*高為-35℃),因該采取各種措施避免水分侵入保護氣體中。

保護氣體和背面保護氣體對焊縫金屬的含氮量有影響。由于保護氣體中的N2分壓低,可能從焊縫熔池中擴散出N2,從而使焊縫金屬氮量降低,*大可減少0.05%N2。存在這種危險時(shí),在保護氣體和背面保護氣體中必須加入5%N2,以防止焊縫金屬N2損失。

焊材選用

雙相不銹鋼用的焊材,其特點(diǎn)是焊縫組織為奧氏體占優(yōu)的雙相組織,主要耐蝕元素(鉻、鉬等)含量與母材相當,從而保證與母材相當的耐蝕性。為了保證焊縫中奧氏體的含量,通常是提高鎳和氮的含量,也就是提高約2% ~ 4%的鎳當量。在雙相不銹鋼母材中,一般都有一定量的氮含量,在焊材中也希望有一定的含氮量,但一般不宜太高,否則會(huì )產(chǎn)生氣孔。這樣鎳含量較高就成了焊材與母材的一個(gè)主要區別。  根據耐腐蝕性、接頭韌性的要求不同來(lái)選擇與母材化學(xué)成分相匹配的焊條,如焊接Cr22型雙相不銹鋼,可選用Cr22Ni9Mo3型焊條,如E2209焊條。采用酸性焊條時(shí)脫渣優(yōu)良,焊縫成形美觀(guān),但沖擊韌性較低,當要求焊縫金屬具有較高的沖擊韌性,并需進(jìn)行全位置焊接時(shí),應采用堿性焊條。當根部封底焊時(shí),通常采用堿性焊條。當對焊縫金屬的耐腐蝕性能具有特殊要求時(shí),還應采用超級雙相鋼成分的堿性焊條。  對于實(shí)心氣體保護焊焊絲,在保證焊縫金屬具有良好耐腐蝕性與力學(xué)性能的同時(shí),還應注意其焊接工藝性能,對于藥芯焊絲,當要求焊縫成形美觀(guān)時(shí),可采用金紅石型或鈦鈣型藥芯焊絲,當要求較高的沖擊韌度或在較大的拘束度條件下焊接時(shí),宜采用堿度較高的藥芯焊絲。  對于埋弧焊宜采用直徑較小的焊絲,實(shí)現中小焊接規范下的多層多道焊,以防止焊接熱影響區及焊縫金屬的脆化,并采用配套的堿性焊劑。

7國家標準

西安雙相不銹鋼牌號

我國新標準GB/T 20878-2007《不銹鋼和耐熱鋼牌號及化學(xué)成分》中加入了許多雙相不銹鋼牌號。如:14Cr18Ni11Si4AlTi 022Cr19Ni5Mo3Si2N12Cr21Ni5Ti。更多的牌號見(jiàn)標準。

另外:有名的2205雙相鋼相當于我國的022Cr23Ni5Mo3N.

*后,一些網(wǎng)頁(yè)甚至論文將雙相不銹鋼寫(xiě)作雙向不銹鋼是錯誤的。雙相是指金相組織的有兩種,而非方向的

西安雙相不銹鋼化學(xué)成分

鋼號

C≤

Mn≤

Si≤

S≤

P≤

Cr≤

Ni

Mo

Cu≤

N

S32750SAF2507

00Cr25Ni7Mo4N

0.03

1.20

0.8

0.020

0.035

24.0/26.0

6.0/8.0

3.0/5.0

0.50

0.24/0.32

S31803(SAF2205)

00Cr22Ni5Mo3N

0.03

2.00

1.0

0.020

0.030

21.0/23.0

4.50/6.50

2.50/3.50

0.08/0.20

S31500(3RE60)

00Cr18Ni5Mo3Siz

0.03

1.2/2.00

1.4/2.00

0.030

0.030

18.0/19.0

4.25/5.25

2.50/3.00

0.05/0.10

機械性能

鋼號

σb(Mpa)≥

σs(Mpa)≥

δ(%)≥

硬度

布氏(HB)

洛氏(HRC)

S32750SAF2507

00Cr25Ni7Mo4N

800

550

15

310

32

S3180.(SAF2507)

00Cr22Ni5Mo3N

620

450

25

290

30.5

S31500(3RE60)

00Cr18Ni5Mo3Siz

630

440

30

290

30.5

西安雙相不銹鋼由于具有奧氏體+鐵素體雙相組織,且兩個(gè)相組織的含量基本相當,故兼有奧氏體不銹鋼和鐵素體不銹鋼的特點(diǎn)。屈服強度可達400Mpa ~ 550MPa,是普通奧氏體不銹鋼的2倍。與鐵素體不銹鋼相比,雙相不銹鋼的韌性高,脆性轉變溫度低,耐晶間腐蝕性能和焊接性能均顯著(zhù)提高;同時(shí)又保留了鐵素體不銹鋼的一些特點(diǎn),如475℃脆性、熱導率高、線(xiàn)膨脹系數小,具有超塑性及磁性等。與奧氏體不銹鋼相比,雙相不銹鋼的強度高,特別是屈服強度顯著(zhù)提高,且耐孔蝕性、耐應力腐蝕、耐腐蝕疲勞等性能也有明顯的改善。  雙相不銹鋼按其化學(xué)成分分類(lèi),可分為Cr18型、Cr23(不含Mo)型、Cr22型和Cr25型四類(lèi)。對于Cr25型雙相不銹鋼又可分為普通型和超級雙相不銹鋼,其中應用較多的是Cr22型和Cr25型。我國采用的雙相不銹鋼以瑞典產(chǎn)居多,具體牌號有:3RE60(Cr18)SAF2304 (Cr23)SAF2205 (Cr22)SAF2507(Cr25)

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